What are the two houses of Congress established by Article I of the U.S. Constitution?

The correct answer identifies the two houses of Congress established by Article I of the U.S. Constitution as the House of Representatives and the Senate. This structure reflects the framers' intention to create a bicameral legislature that balances representation based on population in the House with equal representation for each state in the Senate.

In the House of Representatives, the number of representatives from each state is based on its population, allowing for more populous states to have a greater influence in legislative matters. Meanwhile, the Senate provides equal representation, with each state having two senators, which ensures that smaller states are not overshadowed by larger states in legislative discussions and decisions.

This dual structure was designed to create a system of checks and balances within the legislative branch, allowing for both broad democratic representation and the protection of minority interests. By ensuring that both population and state equality play roles in the legislative process, the framers aimed to promote stability and fairness in governance.